The nation was rapidly expanding its economy into new areas, especially heavy industry like factories, railroads, and coal mining. In United States history, the Gilded Age was an era that occurred during the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Leaders such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe. During the 1880s and 1890s, the Republicans struggled against the Democrats' efforts, winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland (in 1884 and 1892). Such allotments were to be held in trust by the government for 25 years, then given to owners with full title, so they could sell it or mortgage it. Historian William Cronon concludes: During the 1870s and 1880s, the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history, with real wages, wealth, GDP, and capital formation all increasing rapidly. [100], From 1860 to the early 20th century, the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion". [115], Historians analyze the causes of immigration in terms of push factors (pushing people out of the homeland) and pull factors (pulling them to America). [76] At its peak, the Knights claimed 700,000 members. He argued that at war's end society showed confusion and unsettlement as well as a hurried aggressive growth on the other. The corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a scientific management revolution transformed business operations. The union defied federal court orders to stop blocking the mail trains, so President Cleveland used the U.S. Army to get the trains moving again. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the mid-Victorian era in Britain and the Belle Époque in France. [36] By the 1870s, railroads were vilified by Western farmers who absorbed the Granger movement theme that monopolistic carriers controlled too much pricing power, and that the state legislatures had to impose maximum prices. [189], The Protestant mainline denominations (especially the Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational churches) grew rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities. They were very hard to replace, and were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care. Labor unions became increasingly important in the rapidly growing industrial cities. Theodore Vail established the American Telephone & Telegraph Company and built a great communications network. The Norwegian American economist Thorstein Veblen argued in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) that the "conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure" of the wealthy had become the basis of social status in America. The railroads had their own separate unions. It is generally given as the beginning of the Progressive Era in the 1890s (sometimes the United States presidential election of 1896)[8][9][10][11][12][13] but also falls in a range that includes the Spanish–American War in 1898, Theodore Roosevelt's accession to the presidency in 1901, and even the end of the Progressive Era coinciding with the U.S. entry into World War I (1917). Some men moved back and forth across the Atlantic, but most were permanent settlers. Our writers have a lot of experience with academic papers and know how to write them without plagiarism. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the Northern and Western United States. As a result, the AFL unions spread to most cities, reaching a peak membership in 1919. The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was handled largely by Chinese laborers. [177] Heavy industry was a male domain, but in light industries such as textiles and food processing, large numbers of young women were hired. Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures. [45][46], By the beginning of the 20th century, gross domestic product and industrial production in the United States led the world. [142], Many of the White farmers, and most of the Blacks, were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools, and rented the land. [38], The most hated railroad man in the country was Collis P. Huntington (1821–1900), the president of the Southern Pacific Railroad who dominated California's economy and politics. [191][192] (see Third Party System), The Awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War. 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